氯胺酮:修订间差异

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{{Drugbox
氯胺酮(ketamine),为一种具有镇痛作用的静脉全身麻醉药。药理学属[[解离性麻醉剂]],作为[[NMDA受体拮抗剂]]发挥效用,化学属[[苯环己哌啶]]衍生物。
| image = Structure_of_ketamine.svg
[[文件:Ketamine.png|缩略图|氯胺酮的化学结构]]
<!-- 化学数据 -->
| C=13 | H=16 | Cl=1 | N=1 | O=1


|IUPAC_name = (<i>RS</i>)-2-(2-氯苯基)-2-(甲基氨基)环己酮
=== 合成 ===
|PubChem = 3821
1:邻溴氯苯+正丁基锂=邻氯苯基锂
| CAS_number = 6740-88-1
| CAS_supplemental = (消旋体)
| CAS_number2 = 33643-46-8
| CAS_supplemental2 = (右旋体)
| CAS_number3 = 33643-49-1
| CAS_supplemental3 = (左旋体)
| CAS_number4 = 1867-66-9
| CAS_supplemental4 = (盐酸盐)


| NMDAR_action = antagonist
2:邻氯苯基锂+氧化环乙烯(氯化镁,温度-20~-110摄氏度)=2-(2-氯苯)环乙醇(产率约86%)
| NMDAR_Binding_site = MK-801/PCP
| NMDAR_Ki = 0.25~0.66
| NMDAR_refs = <ref name="pmid28829612">{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris PJ, Moaddel R, Zanos P, Moore CE, Gould TD, Zarate CA, Thomas CJ | title = Synthesis and N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites | journal = Organic Letters | volume = 19 | issue = 17 | pages = 4572–4575 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28829612 | pmc = 5641405 | doi = 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02177 }}</ref><ref name="pmid23527166">{{cite journal |author1-link= Bryan Roth | vauthors = Roth BL, Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W, Huang XP, Setola V, Treble R, Iversen L | title = The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = e59334 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23527166 | pmc = 3602154 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0059334 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...859334R | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| MOR1_Ki = 42
| MOR1_refs = <ref name="pmid9915326">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirota K, Okawa H, Appadu BL, Grandy DK, Devi LA, Lambert DG | title = Stereoselective interaction of ketamine with recombinant mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells | journal = Anesthesiology | volume = 90 | issue = 1 | pages = 174–82 | date = January 1999 | pmid = 9915326 | doi = 10.1097/00000542-199901000-00023 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| MOR1_action = antagonist
| MOR2_Ki = 12.1
| MOR2_refs = <ref name="pmid14530949">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirota K, Sikand KS, Lambert DG | title = Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells | journal = Journal of Anesthesia | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–9 | year = 1999 | pmid = 14530949 | doi = 10.1007/s005400050035 | s2cid = 9322174 }}</ref>
| MOR2_action = antagonist
| KOR1_Ki = 25~28
| KOR1_refs = <ref name="pmid9915326"/><ref name="pmid20358363">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nemeth CL, Paine TA, Rittiner JE, Béguin C, Carroll FI, Roth BL, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA |title=Role of kappa-opioid receptors in the effects of salvinorin A and ketamine on attention in rats |journal=Psychopharmacology (Berl) |volume=210 |issue=2 |pages=263–74 |date=June 2010 |pmid=20358363 |pmc=2869248 |doi=10.1007/s00213-010-1834-7 }}</ref>
| DRD2_Ki = 0.5
| DRD2_action = agonist
| DRD2_refs = <ref name="pmid12232776">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kapur S, Seeman P | title = NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia | journal = Molecular Psychiatry | volume = 7 | issue = 8 | pages = 837–44 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12232776 | doi = 10.1038/sj.mp.4001093 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid23527166" /><ref name="pmid27469513">{{cite journal | vauthors = Can A, Zanos P, Moaddel R, Kang HJ, Dossou KS, Wainer IW, Cheer JF, Frost DO, Huang XP, Gould TD | title = Effects of Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites on Evoked Striatal Dopamine Release, Dopamine Receptors, and Monoamine Transporters | journal = The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | volume = 359 | issue = 1 | pages = 159–70 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27469513 | pmc = 5034706 | doi = 10.1124/jpet.116.235838 }}</ref><ref name="pmid16730695">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jordan S, Chen R, Fernalld R, Johnson J, Regardie K, Kambayashi J, Tadori Y, Kitagawa H, Kikuchi T | title = In vitro biochemical evidence that the psychotomimetics phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine (MK-801) are inactive at cloned human and rat dopamine D2 receptors | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 540 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 53–6 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16730695 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.026 }}</ref>
| NET_IC50 = 82~291
| NET_action = blocker
| NET_refs = <ref name="pmid9523822">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nishimura M, Sato K, Okada T, Yoshiya I, Schloss P, Shimada S, Tohyama M |title=Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=768–74 |date=March 1998 |pmid=9523822 |doi=10.1097/00000542-199803000-00029 |s2cid=30159489 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid18815045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao Y, Sun L |title=Antidepressants modulate the in vitro inhibitory effects of propofol and ketamine on norepinephrine and serotonin transporter function |journal=J Clin Neurosci |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1264–9 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18815045 |pmc=2605271 |doi=10.1016/j.jocn.2007.11.007 }}</ref>
| DAT_Ki = 63
| DAT_action = blocker
| DAT_refs = <ref name="pmid9523822" />
}}


{{DrugNamebox
3: 2-(2-氯苯)环乙醇+戴斯马丁氧化剂= 2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮(产率约90%)
|alias={{seplist
| K
| K他命
| k粉
}}
}}


'''氯胺酮'''(Ketamine),是一种[[NMDA受体拮抗剂]],与[[苯环己哌啶]]有关。
4: 2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮+硝酸铜(氯化铁)=2-硝基-2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮(产率约51%)


== 合成<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/CN106478367B/zh |title=CN106478367B - 一种合成氯胺酮的中间体化合物以及氯胺酮的合成方法 |language=Chinese |date=2016-09-30 }}</ref> ==
5: 2-硝基-2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮+醋酸+锌(粉状)= 2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮(产率约89%)
1: 将邻溴氯苯(1 .20mL,10 .0mmol)溶解于溶剂中(THF20mL) ,然后于-90°C下逐滴加入正丁基锂(4.0mL,10.0mmol),在该温度下搅拌反应5h,然后依次逐滴加入环氧环己烷 (0 .5mL,5 .0mmol)和氯化镁乙醚溶液(0 .95mL,7 .5mmol)。


2: 反应完成后,将体系温度升至0°C,加入10ml饱和NH4Cl淬 灭 反 应 ,Et2O萃取( 3×30ml),合并有机相,有机相用无水Na4SO3干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=4:1),得到无色固体2-(2-氯苯)环己醇(1 .81g,产率86.0%)
6: 2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环乙酮+甲醛+醋酸+氰基硼氢化钠=氯胺酮(产率约65%)


3: 室温下,将2-(2-氯苯)环己醇(105mg,0 .5mmol)溶解于10mL重蒸DCM中,然后加入戴斯马丁氧化剂 ( DMP,254. 5mg,0.5mml ),室温搅拌。待原料消耗完之后 (TLC监测) ,加入5.0mLNa2S2O3及5.0mL饱和NaHCO3,然后用Et2O(3×10mL)萃取,合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=40:1) ,得到浅黄色固体2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(75.1mg,产率90%)
详细参考 ''CN106478367B''

4: 在干燥的15ml封管中依次加入2-(2-氯苯)环己酮 (42mg,0.2mmol),硝酸铜(330mg,0.6mmol)及硫酸铜(16mg,0.1mmol),然后在氩气氛围下加入2ml1,2二氯乙烷(DCE),用盖子密封,由100°C油浴反应12h。当原料消耗完之后 ,将体系降温至室温,然后加入5ml石油醚稀释,直接进行柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=40:1 ),得到浅黄色固体2-2硝基2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(25.8,产率51%)

5: 室温下,将2-硝基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(50 .7mg,0.2mmol)溶解于2 .0mL醋酸/异丙醇中 ,然后加入锌粉 ,室温搅拌。反应完成后,加入2ml饱和NaHCO3溶液淬灭反应,然后用EtOAc萃取(3× 5ml),合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=1:1),得到浅黄色固体2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(39.8mg,产率89%)

6: 将2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(31 .3mg,0 .14mmol)溶解于1 .5mL甲醇中,然后依次加入甲醛(129μL,1 .7mmol,37%水溶液),醋酸(87μL,1 .4mmol)及氰基硼氢化钠(133mg,2 .1mmol) ,室温搅拌12h后,加入5 .0mL饱和碳酸钠溶液淬灭,乙醚(3×10mL)萃取,合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=1:1),最终得到白色固体氯胺酮(22 .3mg,产率65 .6%)

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

{{中华人民共和国管制药品}}

2024年12月3日 (二) 23:34的最新版本

氯胺酮
化学数据
化学式C13H16ClNO
摩尔质量237.73 g·mol−1
识别信息
IUPAC名称(RS)-2-(2-氯苯基)-2-(甲基氨基)环己酮
CAS号
PubChem CID
药理数据
NMDAR(↓) [1][2]
DRD2(↑) [3][2][4][5]
  • 0.5Tooltip Ki(μM)
DAT(↓) [6]
  • 63Tooltip Ki(μM)
NET(↓) [6][7]
MOR1(↓) [8]
  • 42Tooltip Ki(μM)
MOR2(↓) [9]
  • 12.1Tooltip Ki(μM)
KOR1 [8][10]
氯胺酮
别名
  • K

  • K他命

  • k粉

氯胺酮(Ketamine),是一种NMDA受体拮抗剂,与苯环己哌啶有关。

合成[11]

1: 将邻溴氯苯(1 .20mL,10 .0mmol)溶解于溶剂中(THF20mL) ,然后于-90°C下逐滴加入正丁基锂(4.0mL,10.0mmol),在该温度下搅拌反应5h,然后依次逐滴加入环氧环己烷 (0 .5mL,5 .0mmol)和氯化镁乙醚溶液(0 .95mL,7 .5mmol)。

2: 反应完成后,将体系温度升至0°C,加入10ml饱和NH4Cl淬 灭 反 应 ,Et2O萃取( 3×30ml),合并有机相,有机相用无水Na4SO3干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=4:1),得到无色固体2-(2-氯苯)环己醇(1 .81g,产率86.0%)

3: 室温下,将2-(2-氯苯)环己醇(105mg,0 .5mmol)溶解于10mL重蒸DCM中,然后加入戴斯马丁氧化剂 ( DMP,254. 5mg,0.5mml ),室温搅拌。待原料消耗完之后 (TLC监测) ,加入5.0mLNa2S2O3及5.0mL饱和NaHCO3,然后用Et2O(3×10mL)萃取,合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=40:1) ,得到浅黄色固体2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(75.1mg,产率90%)

4: 在干燥的15ml封管中依次加入2-(2-氯苯)环己酮 (42mg,0.2mmol),硝酸铜(330mg,0.6mmol)及硫酸铜(16mg,0.1mmol),然后在氩气氛围下加入2ml1,2二氯乙烷(DCE),用盖子密封,由100°C油浴反应12h。当原料消耗完之后 ,将体系降温至室温,然后加入5ml石油醚稀释,直接进行柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=40:1 ),得到浅黄色固体2-2硝基2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(25.8,产率51%)

5: 室温下,将2-硝基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(50 .7mg,0.2mmol)溶解于2 .0mL醋酸/异丙醇中 ,然后加入锌粉 ,室温搅拌。反应完成后,加入2ml饱和NaHCO3溶液淬灭反应,然后用EtOAc萃取(3× 5ml),合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=1:1),得到浅黄色固体2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(39.8mg,产率89%)

6: 将2-氨基-2-(2-氯苯)环己酮(31 .3mg,0 .14mmol)溶解于1 .5mL甲醇中,然后依次加入甲醛(129μL,1 .7mmol,37%水溶液),醋酸(87μL,1 .4mmol)及氰基硼氢化钠(133mg,2 .1mmol) ,室温搅拌12h后,加入5 .0mL饱和碳酸钠溶液淬灭,乙醚(3×10mL)萃取,合并有机相,有机相用无水Na2SO4干燥,抽干溶剂,柱层析(石油醚/乙酸乙酯=1:1),最终得到白色固体氯胺酮(22 .3mg,产率65 .6%)

参考文献

  1. Morris PJ, Moaddel R, Zanos P, Moore CE, Gould TD, Zarate CA, Thomas CJ (September 2017). "Synthesis and N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor Activity of Ketamine Metabolites". Organic Letters. 19 (17): 4572–4575. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02177. PMC 5641405. PMID 28829612.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Roth BL, Gibbons S, Arunotayanun W, Huang XP, Setola V, Treble R, Iversen L (2013). "The ketamine analogue methoxetamine and 3- and 4-methoxy analogues of phencyclidine are high affinity and selective ligands for the glutamate NMDA receptor". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e59334. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859334R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059334. PMC 3602154. PMID 23527166.
  3. Kapur S, Seeman P (2002). "NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D(2) and serotonin 5-HT(2)receptors-implications for models of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 7 (8): 837–44. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001093. PMID 12232776.
  4. Can A, Zanos P, Moaddel R, Kang HJ, Dossou KS, Wainer IW, Cheer JF, Frost DO, Huang XP, Gould TD (October 2016). "Effects of Ketamine and Ketamine Metabolites on Evoked Striatal Dopamine Release, Dopamine Receptors, and Monoamine Transporters". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 359 (1): 159–70. doi:10.1124/jpet.116.235838. PMC 5034706. PMID 27469513.
  5. Jordan S, Chen R, Fernalld R, Johnson J, Regardie K, Kambayashi J, Tadori Y, Kitagawa H, Kikuchi T (July 2006). "In vitro biochemical evidence that the psychotomimetics phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine (MK-801) are inactive at cloned human and rat dopamine D2 receptors". European Journal of Pharmacology. 540 (1–3): 53–6. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.04.026. PMID 16730695.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Nishimura M, Sato K, Okada T, Yoshiya I, Schloss P, Shimada S, Tohyama M (March 1998). "Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells". Anesthesiology. 88 (3): 768–74. doi:10.1097/00000542-199803000-00029. PMID 9523822. S2CID 30159489.
  7. Zhao Y, Sun L (November 2008). "Antidepressants modulate the in vitro inhibitory effects of propofol and ketamine on norepinephrine and serotonin transporter function". J Clin Neurosci. 15 (11): 1264–9. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.11.007. PMC 2605271. PMID 18815045.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Hirota K, Okawa H, Appadu BL, Grandy DK, Devi LA, Lambert DG (January 1999). "Stereoselective interaction of ketamine with recombinant mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells". Anesthesiology. 90 (1): 174–82. doi:10.1097/00000542-199901000-00023. PMID 9915326.
  9. Hirota K, Sikand KS, Lambert DG (1999). "Interaction of ketamine with mu2 opioid receptors in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells". Journal of Anesthesia. 13 (2): 107–9. doi:10.1007/s005400050035. PMID 14530949. S2CID 9322174.
  10. Nemeth CL, Paine TA, Rittiner JE, Béguin C, Carroll FI, Roth BL, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA (June 2010). "Role of kappa-opioid receptors in the effects of salvinorin A and ketamine on attention in rats". Psychopharmacology (Berl). 210 (2): 263–74. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1834-7. PMC 2869248. PMID 20358363.
  11. "CN106478367B - 一种合成氯胺酮的中间体化合物以及氯胺酮的合成方法" (in Chinese). 2016-09-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)