右美沙芬

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右美沙芬
文件:右美沙芬化學結構.png
化學數據
化學式C18H25NO
摩爾質量271.40 g·mol−1

右美沙芬(英文:Dextromethorphan),又名右甲嗎喃,英文簡稱DM或DXM,是一種處方[1]中樞性止咳藥,它的氫溴酸鹽(Dextromethorphan hydrobromide)常用於藥品中,也就是常見的氫溴酸右美沙芬片或氫溴酸右美沙芬糖漿。主要用於乾咳濕咳應慎用,通過抑制延髓咳嗽中樞而發揮中樞性鎮咳作用。

藥品說明書

右美沙芬片每片15mg,成人口服一次1~2片,一日3~4次。哮喘、痰多、肝腎功能不全患者及孕婦慎用。醫療劑量下可見頭暈、頭痛、嗜睡、易激動、噯氣、食慾缺乏、便秘、噁心、皮膚過敏等副作用,過量時可見神志不清、幻覺、支氣管痙攣、呼吸抑制。[2]

藥理學

藥效學

右美沙芬及其代謝物結合的受體[3][4][5][6]
位點 DXM DXOTooltip 右啡烷 來源 參考
NMDAR
(MK-801)
2,120–8,945 486–906 [4]
σ1 142–652 118–481 老鼠 [4]
σ2 11,060–22,864 11,325–15,582 [4]
MORTooltip μ-阿片受體 1,280
ND
420
>1,000

人類
[4]
[7]
DORTooltip δ-阿片受體 11,500 34,700 [4]
KORTooltip κ-阿片受體 7,000 5,950 [4]
SERTTooltip 血清素轉運體 23–40 401–484 [4]
NETTooltip 去甲腎上腺素轉運體 ≥240 ≥340 [4]
DATTooltip 多巴胺轉運體 >1,000 >1,000 [4]
5-HT1A >1,000 >1,000 [4]
5-HT1B/1D 61% at 1 μM 54% at 1 μM [4]
5-HT2A >1,000 >1,000 [4]
α1 >1,000 >1,000 [4]
α2 60% at 1 μM >1,000 [4]
β >1,000 35% at 1 μM [4]
D2 >1,000 >1,000 [4]
H1 >1,000 95% at 1 μM [4]
mAChRsTooltip 毒蕈鹼乙酰膽鹼受體 >1,000 100% at 1 μM [4]
nAChRsTooltip 煙鹼乙酰膽鹼受體 700–8,900
(IC50)
1,300–29,600
(IC50)
[4]
VDSCsTooltip 電壓依賴性鈉通道 >50,000 (IC50) ND [8][9]
除非另有說明,數值均為 Ki(nM)。該值越小則藥物與該位點的結合越強。

右美沙芬通過MK-801/PCP位點非競爭性拮抗NMDA受體[10]它還是血清素和去甲腎上腺素轉運體抑制劑(SNRI);是σ-1受體的激動劑;是煙鹼乙酰膽鹼受體負變構調節劑;右美沙芬還是血清素1B/1D組胺H1、α2-腎上腺素能和毒蕈鹼乙酰膽鹼受體配體[4][10]

右美沙芬的代謝物之一右啡烷作為比右美沙芬更強的NMDA拮抗劑,通常比右美沙芬更造成解離[11]而右美沙芬的另一種主要代謝物(+)-3-甲氧基嗎啡喃的作用尚不完全明確。[12]

藥代動力學

右美沙芬在口服後大約15~30分鐘內開始起效,在2~3小時達到血藥峰值,它的生物半衰期在代謝能力強的人身上大約為2~4小時,而代謝能力弱的人有可能到達24小時,大部分通過尿液排出。[13]

右美沙芬口服時經過首過效應讓部分藥物通過O-去甲基化代謝成右美沙芬的活性代謝產物右啡烷,同時通過N-去甲基化生成3-甲氧基嗎啡喃(MEM),[14][15]並與葡萄糖醛酸和硫酸根離子部分結合。右美沙芬最主要的代謝產物是右啡烷,其中80%的右啡烷是由CYP2D6產生的,在CYP2D6酶活性較差的人身上可能會使AUC增加150倍、中位半衰期延長至6~8倍。[16]右美沙芬的代謝產物之一3-甲氧基嗎啡喃約90%都是通過CYP3A4的N-去甲基化產生的。[16]

藥物濫用

右美沙芬時常被濫用,其中屬未成年中較為流行。[17]由於其被濫用的潛質,中國國家藥監局在2021年12月16日將右美沙芬口服單方制從非處方藥劑轉換為處方藥並隨後實行網絡禁售[1][18]但右美沙芬至今仍能在藥店隨意購買。[19]

參考文獻

  1. 1.0 1.1 "國家藥監局關於氫溴酸右美沙芬口服單方製劑轉換為處方藥的公告(2021年第151號)". 國家藥品監督管理局. 2021-12-16. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2024-02-11. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. "右美沙芬片(氫溴酸右美沙芬片)" (in 中文). Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  3. Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  4. 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 Nguyen L, Thomas KL, Lucke-Wold BP, Cavendish JZ, Crowe MS, Matsumoto RR (March 2016). "Dextromethorphan: An update on its utility for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 159: 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.01.016. PMID 26826604.
  5. Werling LL, Keller A, Frank JG, Nuwayhid SJ (October 2007). "A comparison of the binding profiles of dextromethorphan, memantine, fluoxetine and amitriptyline: treatment of involuntary emotional expression disorder". Experimental Neurology. 207 (2): 248–257. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.013. PMID 17689532. S2CID 38476281.
  6. Taylor CP, Traynelis SF, Siffert J, Pope LE, Matsumoto RR (August 2016). "Pharmacology of dextromethorphan: Relevance to dextromethorphan/quinidine (Nuedexta®) clinical use". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 164: 170–182. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.010. PMID 27139517.
  7. Raynor K, Kong H, Mestek A, Bye LS, Tian M, Liu J, et al. (January 1995). "Characterization of the cloned human mu opioid receptor". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 272 (1): 423–428. PMID 7815359.
  8. Lee JH, Shin EJ, Jeong SM, Lee BH, Yoon IS, Lee JH, et al. (June 2007). "Effects of dextrorotatory morphinans on brain Na+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes". European Journal of Pharmacology. 564 (1–3): 7–17. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.088. PMID 17346698.
  9. Gao XF, Yao JJ, He YL, Hu C, Mei YA (2012). "Sigma-1 receptor agonists directly inhibit Nav1.2/1.4 channels". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49384. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749384G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049384. PMC 3489664. PMID 23139844.
  10. 10.0 10.1 Burns JM, Boyer EW (2013). "Antitussives and substance abuse". Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 4: 75–82. doi:10.2147/SAR.S36761. PMC 3931656. PMID 24648790.
  11. Chou YC, Liao JF, Chang WY, Lin MF, Chen CF (March 1999). "Binding of dimemorfan to sigma-1 receptor and its anticonvulsant and locomotor effects in mice, compared with dextromethorphan and dextrorphan". Brain Research. 821 (2): 516–519. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01125-7. PMID 10064839. S2CID 22762264.
  12. Schmider J, Greenblatt DJ, Fogelman SM, von Moltke LL, Shader RI (April 1997). "Metabolism of dextromethorphan in vitro: involvement of cytochromes P450 2D6 and 3A3/4, with a possible role of 2E1". Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition. 18 (3): 227–240. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-081X(199704)18:3<227::AID-BDD18>3.0.CO;2-L. PMID 9113345. S2CID 5638973.
  13. "Balminil DM, Benylin DM (dextromethorphan) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2024-02-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. Yu A, Haining RL (November 2001). "Comparative contribution to dextromethorphan metabolism by cytochrome P450 isoforms in vitro: can dextromethorphan be used as a dual probe for both CTP2D6 and CYP3A activities?". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 29 (11): 1514–1520. PMID 11602530. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  15. "Dextromethorphan". National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Archived from the original on 2008-08-01.
  16. 16.0 16.1 Capon DA, Bochner F, Kerry N, Mikus G, Danz C, Somogyi AA (September 1996). "The influence of CYP2D6 polymorphism and quinidine on the disposition and antitussive effect of dextromethorphan in humans". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 60 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1016/S0009-9236(96)90056-9. PMID 8841152. S2CID 10147669.
  17. "右美沙芬濫用者的隱秘世界". 蘇子涵 、李沁樺、劉汨. 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
  18. "國家藥監局關於發布藥品網絡銷售禁止清單(第一版)的公告(2022年 第111號)". 國家藥品監督管理局. 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2024-02-11.
  19. "人民熱評:右美沙芬被濫用,誰在頂風作案?". 人民網-觀點頻道. 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-02-11.